Donald Trump is the "all-time record-holder of the Dunning-Kruger effect" according to the New York Times.
This is a phenomenon where an incompetent person is too incompetent to understand his or her own incompetence.
Is this really the case?
Donald Trump Photo: AFP
Jesse Mulligan asks David Dunning, who came up with the theory in 1999 with his graduate student Justin Kruger.
Prof Dunning says ALL of us demonstrate the Dunning-Kruger effect at one time or another.
"We're all going to have a pocket of incompetence we simply do not see, and we're going to confidently stride into folly, we're going to make mistakes we just don't see."
But for some those mistakes are writ large.
"Some of us are going to do it in a more flamboyant style, some upon the world stage!"
While it is a universal human flaw, some traits - such as huge levels of self-belief - seem to exacerbate the problem, Prof Dunning says.
"Some of us might have personalities that act as an accelerant, some of us are much more confident, much less reflective.
"Donald Trump is a very confident man who did something unusual, which is go into politics without much experience of politics, so he gets the pleasure of making all his mistakes in the public eye."
The Dunning-Kruger effect is more than just a case of incompetent people not knowing that they are, he says.
"Actually we can go a step beyond that. It's not that people don't know they're less skilled, they can't know they're less skilled, they can't know the scope of their ignorance or the size of that which they do not know. If a person knew the scope of their ignorance they wouldn't be doing what they're doing."
Dunning and Kruger came to their conclusions after testing students at New York's Cornell University.
Dr David Dunning Photo: Alchetron
"We tested poorly-performing students on grammar, logical reasoning and their sense of humour. What we found was that people who were performing very poorly were almost as positive about their performances as were people performing at the very top."
The magnitude of underperforming people with this trait came as a shock, he says.
"People at the bottom seemed to have very little insight into how poorly they were doing even though we knew logically that would have to be the case, we were still floored by just how complete the effect was."
Since the original research, Prof Dunning says they have flipped the original question and now ask how well people can see incompetence or competence in others.
"If people can't see flaws in themselves, it prevents them from seeing genius, virtuosity, high levels of competence in other people. On average, we don't have the competence to be able to recognise competence that exceeds or outstrips our own."
This can be observed in chess players.
"Advanced beginner chess players are pretty convinced they could beat Grand Masters, but not other advanced beginners."
This is because when an advanced beginner sees Grand Master moves they simply don't understand them, Prof Dunning says.
As comedian Stephen Fry put it, "the greatest enemy of knowledge is not ignorance, it is the illusion of knowledge".
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