Researchers at Auckland University have published two papers looking at the nationalist extremist group Action Zealandia.
Senior Lecturer Chris Wilson and Stuff reporter James Halpin worked on the research, after Halpin infiltrated the group for 18 months between 2019 and 2021.
They found the group has a public image which isn't maintained behind closed doors, and a paradox where threatening language and ideology hasn't been physically acted upon.
Wilson spoke to Susie Ferguson.