The next two years could be the hottest on record globally, says research from the United Kingdom's Met Office.
It warns big changes could be under way in the climate system with greenhouse gases increasing the impact of natural trends.
El Nino is likely to bring warmer weather over the next two years. Photo: RNZ / Alexander Robertson
The research shows that a major El Nino event is in play in the Pacific, which is expected to heat the world overall.
But it also reveals that summers in Europe might get cooler for a while as the rest of the globe warms.
Surface temperatures at record levels
The scientists confirm that in 2015 the Earth's average surface temperature is running at, or near, record levels, at 0.68°C above the 1961-1990 average.
Professor Stephen Belcher from the Met Office said: "We know natural patterns contribute to global temperatures in any given year, but the very warm temperatures so far this year indicate the continued impact of (man-made) greenhouse gases.
"With the potential that next year could be similarly warm, it's clear that our climate continues to change."
Professor Rowan Sutton who reviewed the research confirmed the findings.
"Unless there's a big volcanic eruption, it looks very likely that globally 2014, 2015 and 2016 will be among the very warmest years ever recorded.
"This isn't a fluke. We are seeing the effects of energy steadily accumulating in the Earth's oceans and atmosphere, caused by greenhouse gases."
The scientists say that the combination of the effect of increasing CO2, coupled with long-term natural ocean trends, leaves the climate system looking "very interesting". They suspect major changes may be under way.
The Met Office said it was an an important turning point in the Earth's climate with so many big changes happening at once.
Two trends affecting weather patterns in the near and medium term are in the Pacific Ocean.
El Nino happens when a Pacific current reverses on average every five years or so, bringing downpours where there is normally drought and drought where there is normally rain. El Nino tends to push world temperatures upwards.
This growing event is now looking similar to the 1998 El Nino, which bleached corals and brought havoc to world weather systems. The current event could increase drought risk in South Africa, East Asia, and the Philippines - and bring floods to southern South America.
One good outcome might be the end of the crippling, four-year California drought.
The El Nino effect could bring relief to the western states of the US. Photo: AFP
The second natural change is a shift in the decadal temperature pattern in the North Pacific known as the PDO. It has been in a cool phase, which the Met Office says has contributed to the pause in the rise of average surface atmospheric temperatures over the past decade. Now, it is entering a warm phase, which will typically make the world hotter.
But there's another factor at play. These two warming events will be partly offset by the North Atlantic temperature pattern (AMO) switching into a cool phase.
So the researchers can say that changes in the Atlantic mean Europe is likely to get slightly cooler and drier summers for a decade - but only if the Atlantic signal is not overridden by the Pacific signal. And they cannot be sure yet which influence will prevail.
The Atlantic cooling could lead to the recovery of sea-ice in adjacent Arctic areas.
The Met Office is being ultra-cautious after being castigated for what some said were over-confident decadal forecasts in the past, when natural ocean trends were less well understood.
When asked when the pause in surface warming would end, they stressed that from their perspective there was no real pause in the Earth's warming because the oceans continued to heat, sea levels continued to rise and ice continued to melt.
Professor Sutton warned: "If greenhouse gas-driven warming continues unabated, the long-term effects on global and regional climate will dwarf those of short-term fluctuations like El Nino."
- BBC
