Two of the wolves were born on 1 October 2024. Photo: CNN/Colossal Biosciences
By Kate Hunt, CNN
A species of wolf that died out some 12,500 years ago lives again as the "world's first successfully de-extincted animal", according to Dallas-based biotech company Colossal Biosciences.
Colossal scientists have created three dire wolf pups by using ancient DNA, cloning and gene-editing technology to alter the genes of a gray wolf - the prehistoric dire wolf's closest living relative - the company announced.
The result is essentially a hybrid species similar in appearance to its extinct forerunner.
The dire wolf, Aenocyon dirus, which was the inspiration for the fearsome canine featured in the HBO TV series Game of Thrones, was a top predator that once roamed North America.
Dire wolves were larger in size than gray wolves and "had a slightly wider head, light thick fur and stronger jaw", the company said.
Colossal has worked toward resurrecting the mammoth, dodo and Tasmanian tiger since 2021, but the company had not previously publicised its work on dire wolves.
"This massive milestone is the first of many coming examples demonstrating that our end-to-end de-extinction technology stack works," said Colossal co-founder and chief executive Ben Lamm. "Our team took DNA from a 13,000-year-old tooth and a 72,000-year-old skull, and made healthy dire wolf puppies."
The three dire wolves are living on a 2000-acre site at an undisclosed location enclosed by three-metre-tall "zoo-grade" fencing, where they are monitored by security personnel, drones and live camera feeds.
Colossal said the facility had been certified by the American Humane Society and registered with the US Department of Agriculture.
Dire wolf fossils and ancient DNA
Using ancient DNA extracted from two dire wolf fossils, Colossal scientists and collaborators said they were able to assemble two high-quality Aenocyon dirus genomes or complete sets of genetic information.
The team compared the genomes with those of living canids, such as wolves, jackals and foxes, to identify the genetic variants for traits specific to dire wolves, such as white coats and longer, thick fur.
The company then used the information from the genetic analysis to alter gray wolf cells, making 20 edits in 14 genes, before cloning the most promising cell-lines and transferring them into donor eggs.
"Healthy developing embryos were then transferred into surrogates for interspecies gestation", with three pregnancies that led to births of the first de-extinct species, Colossal revealed. The company confirmed to CNN that it used domestic dogs - specifically large, mixed-breed hounds - as surrogates.
Two male dire wolf pups were born on 1 October, 2024, while a female pup was born on 30 January 2025, according to Colossal Biosciences.
Extinct dire wolves cloned by Colossal Biosciences. Photo: CNN/Colossal Biosciences
Gene editing for de-extinction
To achieve its goal, the company essentially created a hybrid genome, using CRISPR technology to cut away certain gray wolf gene variants and replace them with traits associated with dire wolves, said Love Dalén, a professor in evolutionary genomics based at the Stockholm University Centre for Palaeogenetics and an adviser to Colossal.
"There's no secret that across the genome, this is 99.9 percent gray wolf," Dalén said. "There is going to be an argument in the scientific community regarding how many genes need to be changed to make a dire wolf, but this is really a philosophical question.
"It carries dire wolf genes and these genes make it look more like a dire wolf than anything we've seen in the last 13,000 years, and that is very cool."
Dalén - who said he had been "a little bit" involved in the analysis of the dire wolf genomes, but had not personally met the dire wolf pups, or been involved in the gene editing or cloning process - said the work by the scientists was a "huge leap" from anything done in the field in the past.
"The way I see this is that they have resurrected the dire wolf phenotype [the observable traits of a species] and we know from the genome that they probably looked a bit like these puppies. To me, it's a dire wolf in that sense," he said.
Colossal has raised at least US$435 million (NZ$777.5m) since Lamm, a serial entrepreneur, and Harvard University geneticist George Church founded the company in September 2021, and first announced plans to resurrect the mammoth. That endeavor has taken longer than Lamm initially projected, with the company saying it's on track to introduce the first woolly mammoth calves in 2028.
The company hopes the same technologies that created the dire wolf can directly help endangered animals as well. Colossal said it had produced two litters of cloned red wolves - the most critically endangered wolf species - using a new, less invasive approach to cloning developed during the dire wolf research.
Many critics of de-extinction argue that the huge sums of money invested in the project could be better spent elsewhere, and that raising and breeding the hybrid creatures could imperil living animals used as surrogates.
However, Montana University environmental philosophy professor Christopher Preston said Colossal appeared to be paying attention to animal welfare issues, noting the size of the facility and support from the American Humane Society.
"Colossal have taken thoughtful precautions to screen against any unintended genetic consequences of their edits, eliminating risky edits known to be associated with poor outcomes."
He said it was hard to imagine the dire wolves playing a role in an ecosystem, an outcome the company said was the ultimate goal of its efforts to create genetically engineered mammoths.
"In states like Montana, we are currently having trouble keeping a healthy population of gray wolves on the land in the face of amped-up political opposition," Preston said.
"It is hard to imagine dire wolves ever being released and taking up an ecological role, so I think it is important to ask what role the new animals will serve."
- CNN